(十一)　將來完成時

表示在將來某一時間之前完成的動作，并往往對將來某一時間產生影響。

將來完成時的謂語形式: will (shall) have+ 過去分詞

I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.

Before long, he will have forgotten all about the matter.(before long 不久)

How many words will you have learnt by the end of the term?

When we get there they'll probably have left.

He will have finished his term paper by the end of this month.

1. My niece has been to Sumatra(蘇門達臘) and Iran(伊朗) as well as all of Europe. By the time she's twenty, she ______ almost everywhere.

A. will be B. would be C. will have been D. would have been

答案 C

2. By the time you get to Greenwich you ________ the most historic parts of London.

A. will be seeing B. will see

C. are going to see D. will have seen

答案 D

主要復習了動詞的十一個時態。重點記憶主句將來時，時間狀語從句、條件狀語從句用一般現 在時。現在完成時中for和since的區別，for接一段連續的時間狀語，since接過去時句子或過去的時間狀語。有for或since的現在完成時 句子中，動詞只可以是表延續的動詞。現在完成進行時可以接所有的動詞。

進行時態的運用往往根據上下文來決定。

Be quiet, everybody. The students of Class One are having a listening test.

When I was cooking these potatoes, I forgot to put any salt in it.

在運用完成時態時，應特別注意表示瞬息間動作的動詞不能與for 引導的一段時間狀語連用。

瞬息間動詞往往須換成"be+副詞/介詞結構"的形式，或選用句式"It is / has been + 時間狀語 + since ……"來表態。

1."Have the visitors arrived?"

"Yes, they have been here for an hour."

2.By the time we got to the cinema, the film _______ for half an hour.

A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. had been on

(begun不表延續，答案 D)

3.It has been less than three months since she joined the army. / she has been in the army for less than three months.(不能說 She has joined the army for less than three months.)

過去完成時也是一個相對的時態，是在過去的某個時間或動作之前發生的事。

1.He has already gone home. But before he left, he _________ all the mistakes in his translation.

A. had corrected B. has corrected C. would correct D. will correct

(答案 A)

2.He showed me the pictures he had taken of the animals the day before.

過去將來時也是一個相對的時態，是在過去的某個時間看將要發生的事。

I had a discussion with my tutor and hoped he would give us an early reply.

He said they were going to spend the weekend in the countryside.

四、被動語態

(一)被動語態的構成：be+過去分詞

一般現在時 am / is / are +過去分詞

一般過去時 was / were +過去分詞

一般將來時 shall / will + be +過去分詞

過去將來時 should / would + be +過去分詞

現在進行時 am / is / are + being +過去分詞

過去進行時 was / were + being +過去分詞

現在完成時 have / has + been +過去分詞

過去完成時 had been +過去分詞

情態動詞 情態動詞+ be +過去分詞

(二)被動語態的基本用法

當句子的主語和謂語呈被動關系，即主語是動作的承受者時(相對于執行者)，謂語要用被動語態。具體說來，被動語態主要用于以下兩種情況：

1.不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者。

Printing was introduced into Europe from China.

Such books are written for children.

Everything has been taken away.

When will the museum be opened for the public?

I was born in 1980.

2.動作的承受者是談話的中心。

The composition was written with great care.

These questions are settled through negotiation.(negotiation 談判)

The flowers will be planted next week.

He is said to be a good teacher.

For this he was often made fun of.(make fun of 開玩笑)

若要同時將動作的執行者表達出來，往往可以在執行者前面加上by。

I'm puzzled by what the teacher has said.

The door was locked by me when I left the room last night.

The construction of the road has been held up by a flood.(hold up 阻礙、阻擋)

He was sent to school by his parents when he was only five years old.

(三)被動句與主動句的關系

被動句的主語實際上是主動句的賓語，主動句變為被動句時，主語往往被省略。

We asked the teacher to explain the difficult sentences again.-The teacher was asked to explain the difficult sentences again.

I found a poor girl lying on the ground.-The poor girl was found lying on the ground.

My mother bought me a pair of new shoes.-I was bought a pair of new shoes; -A pair of new shoes was bought for me.

When we came to the theatre, we found all the seats occupied.-When we came to the theatre, all the seats were found occupied.

They paint their houses white in spring.-Their houses are painted white in spring.

The people in the town recognize him as a genius.-He is recognized as a genius by the people in the town.

有些動詞，如let, make, hear, see, watch, notice, have(讓，使), feel 等，在主動語態中，其后面的不定式作賓語補足語時to 被省略，但在被動語態中需將to表達出來。在被動語態中，如果一個簡單句中有兩個動詞，后一動詞一定要加to.

I saw him turn round the corner.-He was seen to turn round the corner.

The teacher made the students copy the sentences many times until they could make sentences themselves.-The students were made to copy the sentences many times until they could make sentences themselves.

含有被動意義的主動語態：

(1)某些連系動詞，如smell, taste, sound, prove, feel.

The flowers smell sweet.

The food tastes nice.

(2) 某些與can't, won't 等連用的不及物動詞， 如move, lock, shut, open.

It can't move.(不能說 It can't be moved.)

The door won't shut.

(3) 某些可和well, easily等副詞連用的不及物動詞，如read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook.

The cloth washes well.

The poem reads smoothly.

The meat is cooking.

動詞的語態部分主要應掌握被動語態的基本用法及其在不同的時態中的表現形式。

1.It remains a question when the new classroom building _________.

A. will be completed B. had been completed

C. would be completed D. has been completed

(答案 A)

2.My mother knows Jane; they _____ to each other at a party.

A. have been introduced B. are introduced

C. were introduced D. had been introduced

(主動語態：introduce sb. to sb.)

(答案 C)

被動語態部分還須特別注意動詞make, hear, see等詞，其后面用動詞不定式作補足語時，to 應該保留。

Those who won't work should be made to work.

The teacher was made to give up his teaching because of poor health.(give up 放棄;health 名詞;healthy 形容詞;breath 名詞;breathe 動詞)

1. In modern times, great female chefs have become known, and some of the best cook books _______ by women.

A. have written B. are written C. were written D. have been written

答案 D

2. ________ a new shopping center will be built here next year.

A. He is said B. It has said C. It is said C. It says

It is said that 據說

答案 C

3. New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they _______ fully.

A. accept B. receive C. are accepted D. are received

they 指代new ideas

receive：1.收到別人給予的東西，不含收件人是否愿意接受之義。

I received a letter from a good friend of mine yesterday.

2.也可表示"得到"， "領受"，"遭受"之意。

The book was favorably received by the public.

Accept: "收到"，強調主觀意愿決定"接受"，"收授"。而receive只表示收到，不一定接受。

She received a gift from him, but did not accept it.

receive 與 accept 在表示贊成某一看法，意見時可以換用。

The moral code is now received / accepted by all.

答案 C

4. In some parks visitors _________ to keep off the grass.

A. request B. requests C. are requested D. is requested

keep off 遠離

答案 C

5. He remembered ________ to the zoo by his father when he was little.

A. taking B. being taken C. to have taken D. have been taken

remeber doing 記得過去做的事情

答案 B

6. English ________ in a new way at my college in the past few years.

A. has been teaching B. was being taught

C. has been taught D. had been taught

in the past few years 近幾年。現在完成時

答案 C

7. All the machines _______ next month.

A. will be repaired B. will repair

C. will have repaired D. will have repair

被動語態必不可少的時系動詞be

答案 A

8. The rooms were then empty and most of them _______.

A. have shut up B. had shut up

C. have been shut up D. had been shut up

答案 D

9. When they had finished playing, the children were made _______ all the toys they had taken out.

A. put away B. to put away

C. putting away D. be put away

put away 將某物收起來，放入箱子或抽屜

答案 B

分析句子首先要判斷主語能不能發出謂語的動作，如果不能發出動作，就選擇被動語態，然后再考慮不同的時態。